Hydrophobic Polyamine Analogs and Methods for their Use

专利摘要:

公开号:AU2008201086A1
申请号:U2008201086
申请日:2008-03-06
公开日:2008-04-03
发明作者:Nand Baindur；Mark Robert Burns；Gerard Graminski
申请人:MediQuest Therapeutics Inc；
IPC主号:C07C237-10

专利说明:
WO 02/053519 PCTYUS02/00347 00
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Hydrophobic Polyamine Analogs and Methods for their Use SFIELD OF THE INVENTION 5 The invention in the field of chemistry and biochemistry relates to the synthesis and use of a novel class ofpolyamine transport inhibitor compounds. These compounds have pharmacological and/or agricultural applications as well as uses in analytical and 00 preparative assays relating to polyamine transport. As pharmaceuticals, these compounds
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are used to treat disorders of undesired cell proliferation, especially in eukaryotic cells,
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C 10 alone or in combination with other agents such as polyamine synthesis inhibitors.
00 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Decades of research on the myriad of biological activities that the polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and spermine play in cellular processes have shown the profound role they play in life (Cohen, "A Guide to the Polyamines" 1998, Oxford University Press, New York). As polycations at physiological pH, they bind tightly to and strongly modulate the biological activities of all of the anionic cellular components.
Many stimuli involved in both normal and neoplastic growth activate the polyamine biosynthetic pathway. A great number of multidisciplinary studies have shown that the intracellular concentrations of the polyamines is highly regulated at many steps in their biosynthesis, catabolism and transport. The fact that cells contain such complex apparatus for the tight control of the levels of these molecules shows that only a very narrow concentration range is tolerated.
Polyamine transport into mammalian cells is energy and temperature dependent, saturable, carrier mediated and operates against a substantial concentration gradient (Seiler, N. et al. Polyamine transport in mammalian cells. Int. J. Biochem. 1990, 22, 211-218; Khan, Quemener, V. et al. Characterization ofpolyamine transport pathways, in Neuropharmacology of Polyamines (Carter, 1994, Academic, San Diego, pp. 37- Ample experimental proof exists that polyamine concentration homeostasis is mediated via this transport system. Changes in the requirements for polyamines in response to growth stimulation is reflected by increases in the transport activity.
Stimulation of human fibroblasts to cell proliferation by serum or epidermal growth factor was followed by an 18-100 fold increase in the uptake of putrescine (DiPasquale, A. et al.
1
I
WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00 0 Epidermal growth factor stimulates putrescine transport and omithine decarboxylase 1 activity in cultures human fibroblasts. Exp. Cell Res. 1978, 116, 317-323; Pohjanpelto, P.
t Putrescine transport is greatly increased in human fibroblasts initiated to proliferate. J. Cell SBiol. 1976, 68, 512-520). Tumors have been shown to have an increased rate of putrescine uptake (Volkow, N. et al. Labeled putrescine as a probe in brain tumors. Science, 1983, 221, 673-675; Moulinoux, J-P. et al. Biological significance of circulating polyamines in N oncology. Cell. Mol. Biol. 1991, 37, 773-783).
00 0 Inhibition ofpolyamine biosynthesis in cells in culture by ca- 0difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), a well-studied mechanism-based inhibitor ofODC, 00 10 causes a substantial depletion of intracellular putrescine and spermidine with resultant cell growth inhibition. Upon supplementing the culture media with exogenous polyamines this depletion causes transport activity to rise several-fold (Bogle, R.G. et al. Endothelial polyamine uptake: selective stimulation by L-arginine deprivation or polyamine depletion.
Am. J. Physiol. 1994, 266, C776-C783; Alhonen-Hongisto, L. et al. Intracellular putrescine deprivation induces uptake of the natural polyamines and methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone). Biochem. J. 1980, 192, 941-945). The cells then returned to their original rate of growth.
Genes for the polyamine transport protein or complex have been cloned from Escherichia coli and yeast (Kashiwagi, K. et al. J. Biol. Chem. 1990, 265, 20893-20897; Tomitori, H. et al. Identification of a gene for a polyamine transport protein in yeast. J.
Biol. Chem. 1999,274, 3265-3267). The genes for the mammalian transporter await identification. A subunit of the transporter from E. coli has been crystallized and its X-ray structure has been determined (Sugiyama, S. et al. Crystal structure of PotD, the primary receptor of the polyamine transport system in Escherichia Coli. J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271, 9519-9525). This structure represents one of a few but growing number solved for spermidine-binding proteins. Since this structure was determined on a prokaryotic species its use in the design of mammalian transport inhibitors was deemed to be of limited value.
Several researchers have studied the ability ofpolyamine analogs to inhibit the uptake of 3 1-spermidine into cells. Bergeron and coworkers studied the effect of addition of different alkyl group substitutions on the terminal nitrogen atoms of spermidine or spermine analogs (Bergeron, R.J. et al. Antiproliferative properties ofpolyamine analogs: a structure-activity study. J Med. Chem. 1994, 37, 3464-3476). They showed that larger alkyl groups diminished the ability to prevent uptake ofradiolabeled spermidine. They WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00 Slater concluded that increases in the number of methylenes between the nitrogen atoms Sdecreased the ability to compete for 3 H spermidine uptake (Bergeron, R.J. et al. A c3 comparison of structure-activity relationships between spermidine and spermine C antineoplastics. J. Med. Chem. 1997, 40, 1475-1494). They also concluded that the f 5 polyamine transport apparatus requires only three cationic centers for polyamine recognition and transport (Porter, C.W. et al. J. Cancer Res. 1984, 44, 126-128). Two groups have analyzed literature examples of the polyamine analogs' ability to inhibit 3H 00 spermidine uptake into L1210 cells by CoMFA and QSAR methods (Li, Y. et al.
Comparative molecular field analysis-based predictive model of structure-function 0 10 relationships of polyamine transport inhibitors in L1210 cells. Cancer Res. 1997, 57, 234- 239; Xia, C.Q. et al. QSAR analysis of polyamine transport inhibitors in L1210 cells. J.
SDrug Target. 1998, 6, 65-77).
A radiochemical assay is used for biochemical analysis of transport and has been used to study polyamine transport in yeast and a variety of mammalian cells (Kakinuma, Y.
et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 216:985-992, 1995; Seiler, N. et al., Int. J. Biochem.
CellBiol. 28:843-861, 1996). See, for example Huber, M. et al. Cancer Res. 55:934-943, 1995.
WO 99/03823 and its corresponding U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 09/341,400, filed July 6, 1999, (both of which are hereby incorporated in their entireties as if fully set forth) as well as the recent publications of Bums, Carlson, Vanderwerf, S.M.; Ziemer, Weeks, Cai, Webb, Graminski, G.F. Amino acid/spermine conjugates: polyamine amides as potent spermidine uptake inhibitors. J. Med. Chem. 2001, 44, 3632-44 and Graminski, Carlson, Ziemer, Cai, Vermeulen, N.M.; Vanderwerf, Burs, M.R. Synthesis ofbis-spermine dimers that are potent polyamine transport inhibitors. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2002, 12, 35-40 describe some extremely potent polyamine transport inhibitors.
Citation of any reference herein is not intended as an admission that any of the foregoing is pertinent prior art, nor does it constitute any admission as to the contents or date of these documents.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00 O The present invention is directed to novel polyamine analogs and derivatives and C1 methods for their use as drugs, as agricultural or as environmentally useful agents. These c novel polyamine analogs and derivatives comprise a hydrophobic moiety covalently Sattached to a polyamine moiety. These novel PA analogs can be considered to have N 5 amphipathic character (hydrophobic as well as charged portions). The polyamine analogs and derivatives of the invention include those that may be viewed as a polyamine acylated with a hydrophobic acyl group, where acylation is by formation of either an amide or a 00 sulfonamide linkage. While the linkage between the hydrophobic acyl group and the polyamine moiety may occur at any amine group within the polyamine, linkages to a 10 primary amine functionality are preferred.
00 SThe analogs and derivatives of the invention are potent inhibitors of cellular C1 polyamine transport. Without being bound by theory, they are inferred to bind to a cell's polyamine transporter apparatus with very high affinity. They may be used independently or in combination with the inhibition of cellular polyamine synthesis, even in the presence of exogenously supplied spermidine, to inhibit cell growth and proliferation.
The analogs and derivatives of the invention include those encompassed by the following formula I: R-X-polyamine wherein R is selected from H or from the group of a straight or branched C1-50 saturated or unsaturated aliphatic, carboxyalkyl, carbalkoxyalkyl, or alkoxy; a C1-8 alicyclic; a single or multiring aryl substituted aliphatic; an aliphatic-substituted single or multiring aromatic; a single or multiring heterocyclic; a single or multiring heterocyclic aliphatic; a C1-10 alkyl; an aryl sulfonyl; or cyano; may be -SO 2 or -CH 2 and "polyamine" may be any naturally occurring, such as putrescine, spermine or spermidine, or synthetically produced polyamine.
Preferably, R is at least about C5, at least about C10, at least about C11, at least about C12, at least about C13, at least about C14, at least about C15, at least about C16, at least about C17, at least about C18, at least about C19, at least about C20, or at least about C22.
WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00 0 The linkage between X and the polyamine may be direct, wherein there are no C' atoms between X and the nitrogen of the amine group of the polyamine, or indirect, where (t there may be one or more atoms between X and the nitrogen of the amine group of the Spolyamine. The linkage between X and the polyamine may occur via any amino group N 5 within the polyamine, although a primary amino group is used in preferred embodiments of the invention.
Cs0 In preferred embodiments of the invention where the linkage between X and the 00 Spolyamine is indirect, the intervening one or more atoms are preferably those of an amino acid or a derivative thereof. In particularly preferred embodiments of this type, the 00 10 intervening one or more atoms are those of lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, ornithine, or S2,4-diaminobutyric acid. Preferred compounds of this type may be represented as R-X-L-polyamine wherein R is a straight or branched C10-50 saturated or unsaturated aliphatic, carboxyalkyl, carbalkoxyalkyl, or alkoxy; a C1-8 alicyclic; a single or multiring aryl substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic; an aliphatic-substituted or unsubstituted single or multiring aromatic; a single or multiring heterocyclic; a single or multiring heterocyclic aliphatic; an aryl sulfonyl; X is -SO2-, or -CH 2 and L is a covalent bond or a naturally occurring amino acid, omithine, 2,4diaminobutyric acid, or derivatives thereof.
The analogs and derivatives of the invention, may be optionally further substituted at one or more other positions of the polyamine. These include, but are not limited to, internal nitrogen and/or internal carbon atoms. In one aspect of the invention, preferred substituents are structures that increase polyamine transport inhibition, binding affinity or otherwise enhance the irreversibility of binding of the compound to a polyamine binding molecule, such as the polyamine transporter, an enzyme or DNA. Such additional substituents include the aziridine group and various other aliphatic, aromatic, mixed aliphatic-aromatic, or heterocyclic multi-ring structures. Reactive moieties which, like aziridine, bind covalently to a polyamine transporter or another polyamine binding molecule, are also within the scope of this invention. Examples of reactive groups that react with nucleophiles to form covalent bonds include chloro-, bromo- and WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00 O iodoacetamides, sulfonylfluorides, esters, nitrogen mustards, etc. Such reactive moieties "1 are used for affinity labeling in a diagnostic or research context, and may contribute to 4c pharmacological activity in inhibiting polyamine transport or polyamine synthesis. The Sreactive group can be a reactive photoaffinity group such as an azido or benzophenone IN 5 group. Chemical agents for photoaffinity labeling are well-known in the art (Flemming, Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 12479-12520).
I A preferred aspect of the invention relates to a polyamine analog or derivative that 00 00 is a highly specific polyamine transport inhibitor with pharmaceutical utility as an anticancer chemotherapeutic. One class of a polyamine analog or derivative of the invention N 10 that binds to a polyamine-binding site of a molecule and/or inhibits polyamine transport, is 00 Sdescribed by the following formula II: (0)N
HN'X'R
H d H H H R2 N N4N N NH 2 wherein a, b, and c independently range from 1 to 10; d and e independently range from 0 to 30; each X is independently either a carbon or sulfur atom, and R, and R 2 are as described below, or each of RIX{O}n- and R 2 X{O}n- are independently replaced by H; and denotes a chiral carbon position. Where ifX is C, then n is 1; ifX is S, then n is 2; and ifX is C, then the XO group may be CH 2 such that n is 0.
In the above formula, R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from H or from the group of a straight or branched C1-50 saturated or unsaturated aliphatic, carboxyalkyl, carbalkoxyalkyl, or alkoxy; a C1-8 alicyclic; a single or multiring aryl substituted aliphatic; an aliphatic-substituted single or multiring aromatic; a single or multiring aromatic or saturated heterocyclic; a single or multiring heterocyclic aliphatic; a C1-10 alkyl; an aryl sulfonyl; or cyano.
Examples of heterocyclic rings as used herein include, but are not limited to, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, pyrazole, 3-pyrroline, pyrrolidine, pyridine, pyrimidine, purine, quinoline, isoquinoline, and carbazole.
All of the above described aliphatic, carboxyalkyl, carbalkoxyalkyl, alkoxy, alicyclic, aryl, aromatic, and heterocyclic moieties may, of course, also be optionally 6 WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00 O substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from halo (fluoro, chloro, bromo or C iodo), lower alkyl (1-6C) and lower alkoxy (1-6C).
3 As used herein, carboxyalkyl refers to the substituent -R'-COOH wherein R' is Salkylene; and carbalkoxyalkyl refers to -R'-COOR wherein R' and R are alkylene and alkyl respectively. In preferred embodiments, alkyl refers to a saturated straight- or branchedchain hydrocarbyl radical of 1-6 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n- 1 butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, 2-methylpentyl, n-hexyl, and so forth. Alkylene is the same as 0 alkyl except that the group is divalent. Aryl or alkyl sulfonyl moieties have the formula
SO
2 R, and alkoxy moieties have the formula wherein R is alkyl, as defined above, or 1 N 10 is aryl wherein aryl is phenyl, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently O selected from halo (fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo), lower alkyl (1-6C) and lower alkoxy (1- I 6C).
A preferred group of compounds encompassed by the above is where d is 4 and e is 0.
An additional class of a polyamine analog or derivative of the invention that binds to a polyamine-binding site of a molecule and/or inhibits polyamine transport, is described by the following formula I: HN RI H (d H H H R2 N N N N NH2 R4 0 wherein a, b, and c independently range from 1 to 10 and d and e independently range from 0 to 30. R 1 and R 2 are defined as above for formula II and R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from organic substituents including -CH 3 and as defined above for R, and R 2 in formula I above. This grouping of analogs is produced by reductive amination of the free amino precursor with a ketone. Some members of this group of analogs are shown in Series V (see Figure 2).
In one preferred embodiment of the invention, R 1 and R 2 are identical and as described for formula II. Positions R 3 and R 4 may also be identical, and all of R 1 through
R
4 may also be identical. Additionally, each of positions RI, R 2
R
3 and R 4 in formula Ell may also be independently H.
I
WO 02/053519 PCTIUS02/00347 00 O In an additional aspect of the invention the proximal and/or the distal amino group 7 relative to the polyamine (such as spermine) can be di-alkylated to form tertiary amines.
c These materials can be synthesized by reductive amination with a large excess of the Scarbonyl component. Additionally, these materials may be produced by a c6njugate addition of the amine precursor to an a,p-unsaturated carbonyl or a,P-unsaturated nitrile.
Each of RI, R 2
R
3 and R 4 can be independently varied and are as defined as above for IN formula m. Each of Ri, R 2
R
3 and R4 may also be independently H. The values of a, b, c, 00 d and e are as described above for formula m. This aspect of the invention is depicted in the following formula IV: 00 RIN'R3 F(d H H H R2N NbN NH2 0 In a further aspect of the invention, compounds which lack the proximal or distal amino group on the acyl portion of the molecule are also provided. These are represented by formula V:
Z,
H H H Z2 Y N-2N.NyNH2 where Z 1 is NRiR 3 and Z 2 is selected from -R 1 -CHRIR2 or -CRiR 2
R
3 (wherein R 1
R
2 and R 3 are as defined above for formula III) or Z 2 is NR 2
R
4 and Z, is selected from -R 1 -CHRiR 2 or -CR 1
R
2
R
3 (wherein Ri, R 2 and R 3 are as defined above for formula II).
Values for a, b, and c independently range from 1 to 10; d and e independently range from 0 to 30. Compounds encompassed by formula V may be prepared by first coupling amino acid derivatives (modified to contain the non-amine containing Z group) to a polyamine followed by appropriate derivatization of the amine containing Z group. Chemistries for such reactions are known in the art and disclosed herein.
In preferred embodiments of the invention, positions RI, R 2
R
3 and R 4 of all the formulas set forth above are independently selected from the following, where each of g, h, i, j, and k are independently selected from 0 to WO 02/053519 PCTIUS02/00347 00
E
O
E 0 -o ,CHo g=0-15, h=0-15 C H 3 E E H^ ^CHs i=0-15, j=0-15, k=0-15 00Z O 5 wherein E refers to "entgegen" and Z refers to "zusammen".
OO
SThe present invention includes the free base or acid forms, as well as salts thereof, Sof the polyamine analogs and derivatives described by the above formulas. The invention also includes the optical isomers of the above described analogs and derivatives, especially those resulting from the chiral center indicated above with a In a further embodiment of the invention, mixtures of enantiomers and/or diastereoisomers, resulting from a single preparative step, combination, or interconversion are encompassed.
The invention also provides prodrug forms of the above described analogs and derivatives, wherein the prodrug is metabolized in vivo to produce an analog or derivative as set forth above. Indeed, some of the above described analogs or derivatives may be a prodrug for another analog or derivative.
In another aspect of the invention, compositions containing the above described analogs and derivatives are provided. Preferably, the compositions are formulated to be suitable for pharmaceutical or agricultural use by the inclusion of appropriate carriers or excipients.
In a further aspect of the invention, methods for the use of the above described analogs and derivatives, as well as compositions, are provided. These methods include uses of the invention's polyamine compounds to inhibit polyamine transport, as well as treat human and agricultural diseases and conditions. Examples of human diseases and conditions include, but are not limited to, cancer, osteoporosis, asthma, autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Type I insulin-dependent diabetes, tissue transplantation, African sleeping sickness, psoriasis, restenosis, inhibition of unwanted hair growth as cosmetic suppression, hyperparathyroidism, inflammation, treatment of peptic ulcer, glaucoma, Alzheimer's disease, suppression of atrial tachycardias, WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00 0 stimulation or inhibition of intestinal motility, Crohn's disease and other inflammatory 1 bowel diseases, high blood pressure (vasodilation), stroke, epilepsy, anxiety, Mc neurodegenerative diseases, hyperalgesic states, protection against hearing loss (especially Scancer chemotherapy induced hearing loss), and pharmacological manipulation of cocaine reinforcement and craving in treating cocaine addiction and overdose and other fungal bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases. These compounds also find use as agents for use in IND the trans-cellular delivery of nucleic acids used in anti-sense DNA therapies for numerous 00 disease states. The invention's polyamine compounds may be utilized as, but not limited to being, a soil additive or conditioner in agricultural applications.
00 00 SBRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 shows Scheme 1, a pathway for the synthesis of selectively acylated lysine-spermine derivatives. The pathway may be readily adapted for the synthesis of other polyamine derivatives by the use of an analogous protected "NH-X-COO" starting material (wherein X is CH-(CH 2 )d-NH-COO-CH2-Ph, wherein d is as described above and "Ph" is phenyl) and/or the use of any primary polyamine, including spermine.
Figure 2 illustrates exemplary polyamine structures encompassed by the present invention. They have been divided into Series I-VI based upon the character of the chemical moiety attached to a spermine backbone to produce exemplary analogs and derivatives of the invention. Other polyamines may also be used as the backbone. The structures depicted in the first, left-most column of each table represent the specific chemical starting materials utilized in the synthesis of individual polyamine structures. The synthetic steps used result in the end products that are carboxamides from a reaction between an acyl chloride and an amine (series sulfonamides from the reaction between a sulfonyl chloride and an amine (series II), carboxamides from the reaction of a DCC, HBTU or PyBOP activated carboxylic acid and an amine (series III), alkylated secondary amines from the reductive amination of the amine with an aldehyde (series IV), alkylated secondary amines with a-alkyl substituents from the reductive amination of the free amino precursor with a ketone (Series V) and di-alkylated tertiary amine products by reductive amination with a large excess of a carbonyl containing aldehyde or ketone) component (Series VI). Additionally the Series VI compounds may also be produced by a conjugate WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00 addition of the amine precursor to an a,p-unsaturated carbonyl or a,P-unsaturated nitrile.
Columns E and F are directed to doubly derivatized forms of the base chemical structure.
T
c Figure 3 shows representative structures ofpolyamine analogs relating to the present invention.
O 5 Figure 4 shows the relationship between the length of the hydrocarbon substituent at the s-position of the L-lysine analogs and the resulting activity as polyamine transport 0 inhibitors as defined by EC5o (see Example IV).
00 0 Figure 5 representatively shows the portion of compounds for calculation of logP 0 values.
00 10 Figure 6 presents calculated logP values versus HPLC retention time for dansylated 0 derivatives of compounds shown in Figure 2 (Series I).
Figure 7 presents calculated logP values versus average ECso values obtained for compounds with 4 cell lines (data for Series I compounds in Table 1).
Figure 8 presents HPLC retention time for dansylated derivatives of compounds shown in Table 2 (Series IV and V) versus average ECso values obtained for 4 cell lines (data in Table 1).
Figure 9 shows the relationship between calculated logP values and HPLC retention time for dansylated derivatives of compounds shown in Table 2 (Series IV and Figure 10 presents calculated logP values versus average ECso values obtained for compounds with 4 cell lines (data for Series IV and V compounds in Table 2).
Figure 11 presents HPLC retention time for dansylated derivatives of compounds shown in Table 2 (Series IV and V) versus average ECso values obtained for 4 cell lines using data in Table 1.
Figure 12 shows the structures of exemplary polyamine analogs and derivatives of the present invention.
MODES OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION The present inventors have designed novel polyamine analogs and derivatives for the inhibition ofpolyamine transport and other uses. These analogs and derivatives are inferred to bind polyamine transporters with high affinity and inhibit polyamine transport, WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00 O either competitively or non-competitively. Thus these compounds can alter polyamine C' metabolism in cells by reducing or preventing polyamine uptake.
cIn particularly preferred embodiments of the invention, one or more polyamine analogs and derivatives are used in combination with polyamine synthesis inhibitors to I 5 inhibit cell growth and proliferation. As such, they are useful as drugs in a number of diseases, particularly cancer and other conditions involving cellular proliferation, including, but not limited to, inflammatory diseases or conditions where components of the immune 0 system undergo undesired proliferation. Non-limiting examples include asthma, autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Type I insulin 1 10 dependent diabetes, psoriasis, restenosis, inhibition of unwanted proliferation of hair on 00 Sskin, tissue transplantation, African sleeping sickness, osteoporosis, hyperparathyroidism, CN treatment of peptic ulcer, glaucoma, Alzheimer's disease, suppression of atrial tachycardias, stimulation or inhibition of intestinal motility, Crohn's disease and other inflammatory bowel diseases, high blood pressure (vasodilation), stroke, epilepsy, anxiety, neurodegenerative diseases, hyperalgesic states, the protection of hair cells from chemotherapy induced loss of hearing, and pharmacological manipulation of cocaine reinforcement and craving in treating cocaine addiction and overdose, and other fungal, bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases.
As used herein, the term "polyamine" includes putrescine, spermine or spermidine, as well as longer linear polyamines, branched polyamines, and the like, which may have between 2 and about 10 nitrogens. Also included in this definition are polyamine derivatives or analogs comprising a basic polyamine chain with any of a number of functional groups bound to a C atom or a terminal or internal N atom. For modification at a primary amino group, a polyamine must, of course, contain such a group.
Polyamine "analogs" and/or "derivatives" generally refer to any modified polyamine molecule disclosed or described herein. These molecules are generally modifications of existing polyamines, whether naturally occurring or synthetically produced, and may also be referred to as "polyamine agents", 'TA" or "agents" of the invention. Preferred PAs bind and/or inhibit cellular polyamine transport, and as such may also be referred to as "transport binding molecules" or "polyamine transport inhibitors".
The scope of this definition includes any modification to produce a PA from an existing polyamine or the isolation of a structurally identical PA from a naturally occurring source.
WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00 O Preferably, the modification is the addition of one or more chemical moieties to the polyamine.
1t A PA that is an "inhibitor" polyamine analog or derivative binds to polyamine Stransporters better than a native polyamine and/or by some means blocks the uptake of O 5 a polyamine into a cell or a subcellular polyamine transporter preparation. The invention includes PAs that efficiently inhibit polyamine transporters in different eukaryotic cell O types as well as inhibit cellular growth and proliferation when used in combination with a 00 polyamine synthesis inhibitor.
The PAs of the invention generally have an acylated primary amine functionality 00 10 and are expected to bind to a cell's polyamine transporter apparatus with a very high O affinity. Measurements of Ki were determined by using an assay that shows the inhibition of polyamine uptake, such as uptake of 3 H-spermidine.
The PAs were also analyzed with a secondary assay to show inhibition of cellular polyamine uptake based on a measurement of cellular growth inhibition in combination with a potent inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis. This assay was conducted in the presence ofpolyamines, such as spermidine, to determine a PA's ability to prevent the uptake ofpolyamines thereby overcoming the polyamine biosynthesis inhibition with DFMO (difluoromethylornithine). Due to the trend that polyamine mono-amides give high potency in both of these assays, it has been inferred, without limiting the invention thereto, that there is a site on the transporter protein for tight binding of the inhibitor's amide functionality.
Preferred embodiments of these PAs are the result of acylation at a polyamine molecule with two or more primary amine groups. The linkage between the acyl group and the primary amine group is preferably an amide linkage (indicated below as the bond between "CO" and and results in a molecule with the following general formula.
rest of acyl group-CO-NH-rest of polyamine As noted above, other linkages, whether direct or indirect, may also be used. The "polyamine" in the above formula may be any polyamine with at least one primary amine group, but more preferably with two or more primary groups, for linkage to the acyl group.
WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00 SOne preferred class of acyl groups for inclusion in the above formula contains two C primary amines for further acylation. The resultant class of PAs may be described by the c following formula (formula II).
O HN' 'R N as defined above. Non-limiting examples of alkyl moieties as present in these Scompounds include straight or branched chains of at least about 8 carbon atoms for C' increased hydrophobicity (or lipophilicity), such as at least about 10, at least about 12, at least about 14, at least about 16, at least about 18, at least about 20, at least about 22, at least about 24, at least about 26, at least about 28, and at least about 30. In yet another set of preferred embodiments, the chain is of at least about 19, 21, 23, 25, or 27 carbon atoms, with at least about 20 to at least about 24 or 26 as even more preferred.
A particularly preferred group of PAs encompassed by the above formula is where d is 4 and e is 0, although generally excluded from this group are PAs where R 2 X{O}n- is an H and RIX{O}n- is RISO2- wherein RI is a thiophene moiety linked to the S atom via the 2 position, and substituted at the 5 position, of the thiophene. Preferably excluded are such PAs wherein the substitution at the 5 position includes an amide linkage. Also preferably excluded are such PAs wherein the amide linkage is attached to a chlorinated aromatic group, such as the compound identified as ORI 1340 in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 09/396,523, filed September 15, 1999.
Other classes of PAs as encompassed by the invention are set forth as formulas I, m, IV, and V as described above. In all of the formulas of the invention, the term "single or multiring alicyclic" includes adamantyl type structures. Moreover, the term "substituted" used in conjunction with the description of any chemical moiety for a formula of the invention includes the attachment of the moiety to the rest of the formula by way of the "substitution". The term also indicates that "unsubstituted" forms of the described chemical moiety is also within the scope of the invention.
By analyzing the relationship between a polyamine analog's structure and its ability to act as a polyamine transport inhibitor, it was discovered that increases in the lipophilic 14 WO 02/053519 PCTIUS02/00347 00 O character of the hydrophobic substituent on the polyamine may increase transport inhibition. While the nature of the interaction between a lipophilic polyamine analog and c3 the polyamine transport apparatus remains unclear at this time, the invention includes, but Sis not limited to, situations where the hydrophobic (lipophilic) moiety may serve as an anchor to some hydrophobic pocket on the transporter or in a region nearby. This may result in the interaction of the polyamine portion of the analog with the polyamine 0 transporter.
00 There are a number of ways one might analyze the hydrophobic character of compounds described in the present invention. The following two scales describe ways to "1 10 measure relative degrees of lipophilicity.
00 SThe logP coefficient is the logarithm of the ratio of distribution of a compound in a C1 mixture of 1-octanol and H 2 0. Compounds with logP values greater than 1 are considered lipophilic (greater solubility in 1-octanol versus H 2 The presence of ionizable groups in the compound has a dramatic effect on this parameter. Ionization will greatly increase a compound's H20 solubility. For this reason, a compound's ionization potential must be taken into consideration when correlating lipophilicity with activity. One can use a variety of computerized protocols to perform calculated estimates of the logP value. One such computer program is ChemDraw Pro Version 5.0 from CambridgeSoftCorporation. One of the several methods that this program uses to calculate the logP coefficient is through Crippen's fragmentation method (Crippen et. al., J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 1987, 27, 21).
The present invention used this method to calculate logP values for fragments of the described molecules. These fragments were generated in the fashion depicted in Figure The results of these calculations are provided in Table 1 for the D-stereoisomers of the eacyl substituted Lys-spm conjugates (Figure 2, Series I) and in Table 2 for the Dstereoisomers of the e-alkyl substituted Lys-spm conjugates (Figure 2, Series IV and V).
Table 1: Chemical structure (with ID relative to Figure logP Calculations, HPLC data and average EC 5 0 values for D-stereoisomers of s-acyl-substituted spermine based analogs (Figure 2, Series Compound 1426 and one Series V compound are included for comparison.
ID Structure LogP Ret Time Std Ave ECso value WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00 IB38 1.73 9.63 13
O
ct
H
IB37 1.03 6.33 41 00 00 IB2 6.59 21.1 0.083 IB4 5.68 15.82 0.084 IB8 1.57 6.07 IB26 2.01 6.34 1.1 IB36 1.21 4.91 27 H r IB34 0.75 4.6 IB6 2.48 10.48 2.2 WO 02/053519 PCTIUS02/00347 00 IB7 2.03 6.83 13 IB9 1.12 5.16 12
HH
00 IB33 N -0.05 3.56 8.4 00 c-I IB10 0.2 3.46 12 IB32 0.97 5.29 3.6 1.68 7.4 2 IB29 1.99 6.08 2.1 H -0.44 No Data IB24 0.58 4.23 VA21 .1.04 10.11 0.65 1426 Not calc'd 6.68 3.7 WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00 o
OH
IA4 5.68 15.79 0.13 Preferred PAs of the invention with respect to Series I type compounds are those with low EC5o values, such as those with below about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, 00 about 10, about 15, about 20 or about 25 minute HPLC retention times.
00
OI
WO 021053519 WO 02/53519PCTfUS02/00347 Table 2: Chemical structure (with ID relative to Figure calculated logP value, I{PLC retention time, and average EC 50 value for c-alkylated sperinine based analogs (Figure 2, Series TV and Compound 1426 and one Series I compound are included for comparison.
ID Structure LogP Ret Timne-Std Ave ECro Value VB28 IVB28 VA22 VA27
'H
VA26 IIVB23 IVB3 13.89 9.4 10 12.71 10.84 9.05 9.16 1.45 12.8 2.42 26.8 4.14 1.79 2.19 WO 02/053519 PCTfUS02/00347 00 IVB21 1.12 9.62 1.32 IVB24 1.46 9.35 1.32 00 I VB22 1.92 9.85 0.68 IVB6 "m7 .2.28 10.87 0.89 ot ."V1.83 10.27 0.71 IVB33 2.45 10.01 1.38 IVB27 I{N0 H 1.68 10.31 0.61 VB50.57 9.89 0.89 VA21 1.04 10.11 0.65 1426 Not calc'd 6.68 3.68 H J H H.
WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00 oO O IA4 5.68 15.79 0.13 Preferred PAs of the invention with respect to Series IV and V type compounds are those with low ECso values, such as those with below about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, 00 about 9, about 10, about 12, about 14, about 16, about 18, or about 20 minute HPLC
O
5 retention times.
Another way to measure relative hydrophobicity would be chromatographic 0 techniques such as comparison of HPLC retention times on C18 reverse phase columns, longer retention times would represent greater relative hydrophobicity. The present invention utilized a dansylation protocol to form dansyl derivatives of the described analogs and analyzing these derivatives by fluorescence detection on C18 reverse phase HPLC. The difference between the elution of the peak due to the analog and the peak due to an internal standard (1,7-diaminoheptane) is shown for several representative analogs in Tables 1 and 2 above.
The relationship between calculated logP values and the HPLC retention time of the dansylated derivatives are plotted in Figures 6 and 9 for Series I and IV type compounds, respectively. The relationship between calculated logP and average ECso values are plotted in Figures 7 and 10 for Series I and IV type compounds, respectively. The relationship between HPLC retention times and average ECso values are plotted in Figures 8 and 11 for Series I and IV type compounds, respectively.
An additional compound hydrophobicity scale, specific for amino acids, was devised and measured by R. Wolfenden (Wolfenden, Andersson, Cullis, P.M.; Southgate, C.C.B. Affinities of amino acid side chains for solvent water. Biochemistry, 1981, 20, 849-855.). They measured the equilibria of distribution of amino acid side chains between their dilute aqueous solutions and the vapor phase. They describe a scale of "hydration potentials" whereby buffered H 2 0-vapor phase distribution measurements were made on the side-chain portions of the amino acids methane for alanine, methanol for serine, n-butylamine for lysine or n-propylguanidine for arginine). If a side-chain had the potential for ionization a correction was made such that only the un-ionized fraction was considered. This was based on calculation of the un-ionized fraction using literature pKa WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00 Svalues. The side chains for the twenty naturally occurring amino acids span a range of free energy values for the transfer from the vapor phase to H 2 0 from 2.39 kcal/mol for Shydrogen (glycine) or 1.94 kcal/mol for methane (alanine) to -7.00 kcal/mol for n- Sbutylamine (lysine) or -14.6 kcal/mol for n-propylguanidine (arginine).
These values form a "hydration potential" scale, which is correlated with the potential that a given amino acid would be present on the outside, or hydrophilic portion of I a protein versus the more hydrophobic interior of a protein. The authors state "that the 00 Senergetic cost of removing hydrophilic side chains from water is much greater than the cost 0of pulling hydrophobic side chains into water, and, indeed, it has been observed that 00 10 hydrophobic residues occur rather often at the surfaces of proteins." The present invention Scould use this scale to describe the lipophilicity of the substituent attached to the Spolyamine. The polyamine portion is removed before this analysis. As an example, it is also required that the a-amino and a-carboxylate groups of any analogs containing an aamino acid be removed before analysis. By using this scale, any substituent with a free energy of transfer from the vapor phase to H20 less than that determined for n-butylamine (and thus correlated to lysine) of-7.00 kcal/mol would be expected to be a preferred polyamine transport inhibitor in comparison to the lysine-spermine conjugate (ORI 1202).
This means any substituent that gives a hydration potential greater (more positive) than -7.00 kcal/mol, as defined in this scale, results in polyamine transport inhibitors with significant activity (values of free energy of transfer which are more negative mean a given compound would have a greater solubility in H20 than the vapor phase).
The preferred group of PAs wherein d is 4 and e is 0 includes both the L and Dstereoisomers due to the chiral carbon indicated by in the above formula. Exemplary PAs such as ORI 1202 (L-Lys-spm), 1426 (D-Lys-spm), and those containing IA4 (Figure 2) demonstrated potency in both the transporter inhibition and cell growth inhibition assays described below. PA ORI 1202 also displayed effectiveness in several anti-cancer mouse xenograft models. See Weeks, Vanderwerf, Carlson, Burns, O'Day, Cai, Devens, and Webb, H.K. Exp. Cell Res. 2000, 261,293-302. and Devens, Weeks, Bums, Carlson, and Brawer, M.K. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases 2000, 3, 275-279.
Additional modification of the two primary amine groups in the acyl group in the above formula is readily accomplished by the availability of the primary amine groups for selective functionalization together with the commercial availability of orthogonally di-
I
WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00 O protected versions of H2N(CH 2 )nCH(NH 2 )COOH type molecules (where n ranges from 1 to for example), such as lysine and ornithine.
SWithout being bound by theory, increases in the lipophilicity of the substituent at Sthe above R 1 and R 2 positions may dramatically increase the affinity for the polyamine
ID
5 transporter. Increases in lipophilicity in the PAs of the invention may improve the inhibition of polyamine transport due to the presence of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic I domains. Biological systems have a significant chemical problem when they attempt to 00 move a very hydrophilic substance, such as polycationic polyamines, across their very hydrophobic outer membrane barriers. If the transporter moves the polyamines in their 00 10 polycationic forms across this barrier, the transporter may do so via some mechanism for O masking or minimizing their hydrophilicity. Mechanisms for this may include the
C
formation of specific salt bridges between the polyamine and negatively charged residues on the protein or formation of a charged interior in the intermembrane pore. Because polyamine transport is known to be an energy dependant process, the transporter may have the task of providing a very specific polyamine shaped hydrophilic pore in the presence of the very hydrophobic environment of the membrane. For these reasons the transporter likely has hydrophobic residues for interactions with the membrane in close proximity to hydrophilic residues specific for interactions with the polyamine.
By designing PAs that contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains, the present invention exploits the likely characteristics of a polyamine transporter to improve transport inhibition. Thus the present invention provides several series of PAs that contain both a polyamine-mimicking portion and a hydrophobic membrane-mimicking portion.
These PAs have been inferred to have great affinity for the transporter, and they show substantially increased growth inhibition (in combination with a polyamine synthesis inhibitor) in comparison to PAs lacking a significantly hydrophobic domain. Probably for very similar reasons, the present PAs are also expected to show improved bioavailability through oral administration. Increases in lipophilicity are expected to enhance absorption after oral uptake.
It is also expected that the introduction of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains in the same molecule, as shown by those in the present invention, will also enable them to facilitate the transfer of nucleic acids through biological membranes. This property gives the analogs usefulness as transfer agents for anti-sense DNA for a number of scientific, analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
23 WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00 O The above is supported by analysis of the results of extending a straight-chain aliphatic saturated hydrocarbon at position R (see Figure 2, Series I) results in increases in c cell growth inhibition in the presence of a polyamine synthesis inhibitor. The clear trend Sthat longer hydrocarbon chains on this amide position increase potency is indicated by a comparison of spermine based compounds IA4, IA8, and IA11 as well as IB4, IB7, and IB8 (see Table Figure 4 shows the relationship between the length of the hydrocarbon IN substituent at the R position and the resulting ECso value in the presence of a polyamine 00 Ssynthesis inhibitor.
0Table 3 shows the results from analysis of various exemplary PAs for their ability to 00 10 inhibit cellular growth in combination with DFMO relative to control cells left untreated.
EC
5 o refers to the concentration of PA resulting in 50% of maximum cell growth inhibition c in the presence of both DFMO and the PA. Ki refers to the inhibition constant for polyamine transport based on double reciprocal Lineweaver-Burke plot analyses of four radioactive substrate concentrations (0.3-3 pM) and five inhibitor concentrations (0.01-1.0 M) and a control. Compounds ORI 1202 and 1426 are included for comparison. See the Examples below.
2008201086 06 Mar 2008 Table 3: EC 50 values WjM of representative polyamine analogs (see Figure 2) determined in the presence of DFMO (1-5 MK. Also shown are the 1CsO results from analyses of various exemplary PMs. IC50 refers to the concentration of PA that results in 50% of maximum cell growth inhibition in the presence of PA alone.
Analog Cell Line ECso (tiM) AVG. EC50 Cell Line IC 5 o (riM) A375 MDA-MB-231 PC-3 SK-OV.3 (PIM) A375 MDA-MB-231 PC-3 SK-OV-3 (r) 29.8 -7.87 >300 >300 0.039 41.3 8.51 >300 IC41 36.9 16.9 >300 430 0.191 1202 1.49 4.75 5.3 0.5 4.542 >300 560 0.031 1.7 0.51 1.24 13.5 1.24 6.9 10.3 8.7 0.822 8.4 7.78 4.35 4.1 6.2 4.2 1.7 IIA21 1.4 0.46 IB41 31.9 6.73 1426 1.91 1.29 2.2 1.75 0.829 2.7 4.5 1.5 1.27 4.25 2.02 1.27 2.1 3.99 5 8.02 0.55 2.12 0.704 0.52 0.26 0.89 0.51 0.93 6.09 1.36 1.41 0.53 2.7 >100 2.254 1620 >100 >300 >100 >100 >100 1840 >100 >300 >300 >100 >100 >100 1840 >100 >300 >300 >100 >100 >1 00 >100 >100 >300 >300 >300 >100 >100 >100 0.034 2008201086 06 Mar 2008 2.98 0.68 >100 0.405 1.61 0.463 2.65 1.282 >30 >30 >30 >30 LA4 0.049 0.194 0.129 0.273 0.077 >30 >30 >30 >30 0.0015 0.049 0.057 0.028 0.069 61.5 62.4 >3 >3 0.008 0.017 <0.001 0.252 >3 >3 >3 >3 0.005 0.005 0.001 0.049 >3 >3 >3 >3 0.004 0.009 <0.1 <0.1 >3 >3 18.1 18.6 <0.1 <0.1 0.182 58.3 62 >3 tA28 1.66 >30 0.982 >30 >30 >30 >30 >30 IA19 0.214 >30 >30 >30 >30 >30 >30 >30 All1 >30 >30 2.3 >30 >30 >30 >30 >30 154 0.071 0.168 0.197 0.297 0.105 >30 >30 >30 >30 0.017 <0.01 <1 0.044 0.121 23.1 58.9 26.1 27.7 0.026 0.031 0.177 0.175 >3 >30 >3 >3 0.015 0.072 0.09 0.121 >3 >3 >3 >3 <0.1 0.051 <0.1 <0.1 55.4 >3 15.8 12.6 0.011 <0.1 0.116 0.157 >3 56 >3 >3 >3 IIA17 0.629 <1 0.18 2.59 >30 605 >30 11A2 >30 >30 >30 >30 >30 1A7 2.3 1.12 1.35 >30 6.229 >30 >30 >30 1.75 0.853 30 >30 >30 IA24 1.56 >30 >30 IB24 >30 >30 >30 >30 >30 >30 >30 >30 >30 157 2.61 >30 1.27 >30 11.210 >30 >30 >30 4.87 19 28.3 >30 >30 >30 1182 7.25 3.64 >30 >30 >30 >30 ID24 5.98 4.75 3.3 >30 >30 >30 >30 >30 1D7 5.29 8.25 7.42 17.2 9.540 >30 >30 >30 >30 1ID17 5.87 5.1 4.09 23.9 9.740 >30 >30 >30 >30 11D2 >30 >30 >30 >30 >30 >30 >30 >30 >30 8.78 8.76 5.27 >30 >30 >30 >30 2008201086 06 Mar 2008 11l4 I f44 A Rfi~f 2.64 1.262 17.9 18.1 I •D 04 063 2.6 1.26 4.27 3 22.9 >30 >30 IIBIO 0.026 0.169 0.099 0.134 0.110 18 >30 22 18.1 0.002 0.044 0.074 0.224 17.7 19.9 23.1 IB6 1.85 1.93 2.84 >30 >30 >30 0.075 IIB17 1.52 0.919 26.2 >30 >30 0.016 0.364 0.024 0.098 0.072 18.3 >30 19 26.7 0.004 0.01 0.052 0.039 0.083 18.4 >30 17.1 24.1 0.009 0.022 0.071 0.08 >3 >3 >3 >3 IIIAI 0.076 0.197 0.386 0.398 0.264 >30 >30 >30 IIIBI 0.17 0.491 0.099 1.57 0.583 >30 >30 >30 >30 0.054 IVA18 0.05 0.107 0.075 0.14 0.079 >30 >30 >3 >3 0.061 0.038 >3 >3 IAl 0.01 0.016 0.014 0.083 0.017 18.5 15.3 >3 >3 0.015 0.004 0.012 0.005 0.02 >3 >3 >3 >3 0.002 0.003 >3 >3 0.084 0.207 >30 IA3 <0.01 0.032 0.022 0.097 0.053 23 >30 18.3 0.01 0.018 0.022 0.167 >3 >3 >3 >3 IA4 0.014 0.039 0.056 0.134 0.061 17.3 >30 23.1 LA2 <0.01 0.019 0.016 0.027 0.014 13 27.3 13.3 16.8 0.0014 0.002 0.006 0.007 0.021 >3 >3 >3 >3 0.025 0.208 0.189 4.6 1.256 >30 >30 9.87 21.5 IIA 6 1.21 2.57 0.72 >30 >30 >30 >30 ILIA3 0.017 0.03 0.029 0.082 0.040 >30 >30 >30 IIA6 0.018 0.047 0.06 0.095 0.055 22.3 >30 25.8 IIA2 0.01 0.029 0.022 0.076 0.034 >30 >30 >30 IVA1 0.01 0.019 0.046 0.081 0.039 >3 >3 >3 >3 IIEIO 0.392 0.152 0.272 24.5 14.3 20.1 IE4 0.267 0.2 0.132 17.9 21.5 7.25 IB2 0.016 0.028 0.091 0.198 0.083 >3 >3 >3 >3 1i1A7 0.087 0.215 0.255 2.94 0.874 >3 >3 >3 >3 2008201086 06 Mar 2008 VA21 0.167 0.141 0.63 0.498 0.48 0.67 0.392 0.85 1.377 1.3 1.6 0.83 0.654 0.6 2.5 1.86 2.3 3.669 2.3 3.1 1.296 >300 >300 >100 >100 >100 >100 >300 >100 >100 >100 >100 >100 >100 >300 >1 00 >100 >100 >100 >100 >100 >100 0.32 0.59 0.33 1.75 0.939 >300 >100 >100 19 0.4 0.93 0.59 2.6 61 61 >100 >100 FVB27 0.14 0.39 0.58 0.87 0.414 >300 >100 >100 33.9 0.17 0.14 0.12 0.9 >100 >100 >100 FVB33 1.46 0.77 1.91 >100 >100 72.9 IB29 3.38 0.56 2.41 >100 >100 >70 0.53 0.224 0.295 1.65 0.868 >100 >100 >100 >100 S0.9 0.58 1.9 >100 >100 >100 11/56 0.17 0.193 <0.1 0.478 0.365 >100 >100 >100 >1 00 S0.34 0.18 0.83 >100 >100 >100 IVB22 1.2 0.194 0.25 1.553 1.335 >100 >100 >100 >100 1.95 0.56 1.2 2.6 >100 >100 >100 >100 S2.08 0.57 2.53 >100 >100 >100 0.35 2.4 0.58 4.7 1.244 >100 >100 >100 >100 0.21 0.55 0.7 0.46 7.4 84.4 18.8 17.8 IB32 0.67 4.4 5.6 >100 >100 >1 00 >100 XX(X* 2.76 6.761 6.218 24.1 9.960 >100 >100 >1 00 >100 IBIO0 3.633 5.962 8 29.091 11.672 >100 >100 >100 >100 IVB24 0.625 0.961 0.975 2.732 3.138 >100 >100 >100 >100 1.4 15.6 2.3 84.4 >100 18.8 >100 11/521 0.526 0.653 1.454 2.7 1.522 >100 >100 >100 >100 0.5 0.87 0.87 4.6 71 >100 >100 >100 IV53 0.753 1.615 1.657 4.791 2.204 >100 >100 >100 >100 IVB523 0.636 1.636 1.139 3.788 1.787 >100 >100 >100 >100 0.7 1.8 2 2.6 >100 >100 >100 IB33 2.649 4.726 6.408 20.526 8.577 >100 >100 >100 >100 1B9 4.4 14.1 3.92 23.5 11.480 >100 >100 >1 00 >100 2008201086 06 Mar 2008 1534 6.25 1.93 13.6 8.295 1 >100 >1 00 >100 >100 IB36 6.69 25 2.24 73.7 26.908 >100 >100 >100 >100 1B26 0.51 0.93 0.46 2.32 0.955 >100 >10>100 >100 0.22 0.6 0.8 1.8 24.6 >100 >100 >100 1B8 2.6 1.25 2.16 8.18 3.548 >100 >1 00 >100 >100 1B35 >1 00 >100 >100 >1 00 >100 >100 >100 >100 >100 VA26 1.44 4.5 1.9 7.8 3.910 >100 >100 >100 >100 VA27 3.7 12 1.6 8.5 6.450 >100 >100 >100 >100 VA22 0.79 1.3 0.67 4.7 6.983 >100 >100 >100 >100 0.9 2.4 2 43.1 83.5 >100 >100 >1 00 11/B28 4.9 6.4 13.5 18.1 10.725 5.6 18.9 17.8 19.8 5B37 18.3 17.8 39.3 65 35.100 19.8 >100 >100 18.3 1B38 1.08 17.3 2.4 32.7 13.370 21.3 63.9 28 60.1 VB28 0.45 0.41 0.75 2.4 0.905 >100 >1 00 >100 >100 0.3 0.43 0.8 1.7 64.5 >100 >100 >100 VIA21 0.68 0.19 >100 00 >100 >100 VIB522 0.38 5.49 >100 30 >1 00 >1 00 1B39 52.5 >100 >100 4.26 >100 >1 00 IVA6 11/526 2.4 1.99 0.91 7.56 3.410 >100 >100 >100 >100 S1.53 6.07 >100 >1 00 VIB526 4.43 8.04 1.58 17.32 7.843 >100 >100 >100 >1 00 IVF27 2.18 2.34 0.5 2.16 1.795 >100 >100 >100 >1 00 IVF6 0.94 8.03 1.88 9.5 5.088 67.89 >100 >100 67.69 1.04 3.55 0.71 2.3 1.900 >100 >100 >100 >100 IVA27 0.94 1.32 0.62 0.71 4.691 >100 >100 >100 >100 5.06 8 1.88 19 >100 >100 >100 IVA6 0.54 0.51 0.29 0.24 0.395 >100 >100 >100 >100 iVA22 0.739 1.66 0.711 0.937 1.012 >100 >100 >100 >1 00 *shown in Figure 12.
WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00 A set of PAs wherein positions RI and R 2 of formula I are substituted by an aliphatic chain with varying degrees of unsaturation in the hydrocarbon chain are Srepresented in Figure 2, Series II. These compounds include those with internal Sgeometrically cis (zusammen or Z-form) and trans (entgegen or E-form) isomers are also presented in this series.
In addition to lipophilicity effects, the invention incorporates considerations based IN on the charge character of the PA. As obvious from the above general formula II for PAs 00 of the invention, the introduction of the RIX {On- and R 2 X{O}n- moieties reduces the number of positive charges in the analog or derivative by one. At physiological pH of 7.2 00 10 the vast majority of amine groups will be in their positively charged ammonium state. The Simportance of positive charges for inhibiting polyamine transport is suggested by the
C
observation that a PA with acetamide (IA11) showed a higher EC 50 in comparison to analogous PAs wherein both RIX{O}n- and R 2 are replaced by hydrogen atoms (see IA11 versus ORI 1202 and ORI 1426 in Table 3).
Series IV (see Figure 2) incorporates the above considerations for both lipophilicity and positive charges by incorporating both a long hydrocarbon chain and retaining the positively charged ammonium function. The reductive amination used to produce these structures results in alkylated (instead of acylated) amines. These compounds are inferred to have great affinity for the polyamine transporter. PAs with a dimerized spermine structure, represented by structures such as IA19, showed no improvement over the original lysine-spermine conjugate.
An alternative group of PAs, based on the long-chain hydrocarbon containing carboamides (Figure 2, Series may be prepared by incorporating the lipophilic and biologically stable sulfonamide group. These PAs are shown in Figure 2, Series II.
Without being bound by theory, it may be that the addition of an additional carbonyl-like oxygen atom in the sulfonamide series increases the interactions at an amide-binding domain of polyamine transporters. An additional factor which may be playing a role is the increased lipophilicity in sulfonamides versus carboxamides. Additionally sulfonamides are known to be more biologically stable in comparison to carboxamides.
The present invention also provides additional ways to increase the lipophilicity of the substituents on the PA molecule. Alternatives with additional alkyl groups on the acyl portion of the molecule will increase the lipophilicity of this group and thus give an analog with higher activity. One additional method to increase this lipophilicity is through WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00 O attachment of an additional alkyl chain alpha to the amino group (substituent which is C attached to the carbon atom attached to the nitrogen). These analogs are produced by C3 reductive amination of the free amino precursor with one of the ketone reagents shown in SSeries V. An additional advantage provided by inclusion of a methyl, or other substituent, at the alpha position of the amine group is decreased rate of biological metabolism.
An additional method to increase the lipophilicity of the analogs is through the I production of a tertiary amine at the proximal or distal, or both, nitrogen atoms of the 00 molecule. These molecules, which are shown in Series VI, are produced via the reductive amination reaction using a free mono- or di-amine precursor and an excess of the carbonyl 00 10 containing reagent shown in Series VI. An alternative method to produce these di- Ssubstituted tertiary amine containing molecules is the conjugate addition of the selectively
C
protected amine precursor to an ca,-unsaturated carbonyl compound or an a,p-unsaturated nitrile compound.
The present invention further provides methods for the synthesis of the disclosed PAs. In general, an orthogonally protected diamine containing compound, such as, but not limited to, certain amino acids, is coupled to a primary amine group of a polyamine followed by deprotection of one or both of the protected amine groups followed optionally by further derivatization of the amine. Without limiting the scope of the invention, an exemplary scheme for the production of spermine based PAs according to the above formula wherein d is 4, e is 0, X is C, and either RIX{O},- or R 2 X{O}n- is H is shown in Figure 1, where the 4-nitrophenyl activated ester Boc-L-Lys-(Cbz)-ONP is used in combination with spermine. This scheme is for illustrative purposes only, and any other diamino containing amino acid including, but not limited to, D-lysine, L-ornithine, Domithine, L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid, D-2,4-diaminobutyric acid, L-2,3-diaminopropionic acid and D-2,3-diaminopropionic acid can be likewise orthogonally di-protected and coupled to spermine. Any appropriate protecting group(s) may be used in the practice of the invention, and the indication ofBoc- (butoxycarbonyl-) and Cbz- (carbobenzoxy-) protecting groups are for illustrative purposes only. Other protective group strategies are known in the art (see, for example, "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis Third Ed.
1999, eds. T.W. Greene and P.G.M. Wuts. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York).
In another aspect of the invention, polyamine analogs may be prepared via the coupling of distal carboxylic acid containing amino acids with suitable protecting groups on this distal carboxylic acid methyl or benzyl ester) such as N-tBoc-Asp(OCH 3
)-OH
31 WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00 O or Nt Boc-Glu(OCH 3 )-OH with a primary amine group of a polyamine (such as, but not c limited to, spermine) followed by exhaustive protection of the remaining amino groups.
t After purification by silica gel chromatography the distal carboxylic acid is deprotected and Sreacted with long chain hydrocarbon containing amines or alcohols to give amides or esters 0 5 respectively. Such polyamine analogs can be represented by the following structure I H H H 00 NH 2 N -N N N NH n 1 Aspartic acid n 2 Glutamlc acid 00 X N orO 0 wherein n can also be greater than 2, preferably up to about 10 (including 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9) and R is defined as provided for RI and R 2 in formula II above. The alpha amino group of the distal carboxylic acid containing amino acid may also be derivatized as described above in Formula II. Such compounds may be described as "inverted" amide or ester derivatives of the compounds described in Figure 2.
Similar hydrophobic PAs can be prepared by the use of cysteine, serine, or homo serine to link the hydrophobic and polyamine moieties indirectly. The hydrophobic PAs may also be linked via an ester linkage (like that possible via serine), a thioester linkage (like that possible via cysteine), a urea linkage a carbamate linkage (-O-CO- N- or or an extended sulfonamide linkage (-NH-SO 2 As shown in Figure 1, the active ester is added to an excess of polyamine to produce a mixture of substituted and unsubstituted acyl polyamines. The remaining free amino groups of the polyamines can then be protected, such as via their 'Boc or Cbz carbamates, and the desired orthogonally-protected products can be isolated. Full protection of the amino groups produces a more lipophilic product mixture which facilitates purification of the desired compound. The exemplary reaction scheme in Figure 1 results in two synthetic intermediates, one with 4 Boc and 1 Cbz carbamates and the other with 4 Cbz and 1 Boc carbamates. These intermediates allow the exposure of selectively either the distal or proximal (relative to the starting spermine polyamine) amino groups to be selectively deprotected by catalytic hydrogenation (see left branch of scheme) or acid treatment (see right branch of scheme), respectively. When viewed relative to the lysine WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00
O
moiety, the distal and proximal amino groups may be considered the e- or a- amino positions, respectively.
The deprotected amino groups may then be further modified via conventional amide chemistry. For example, and without limiting the invention, the deprotected amino groups may be acylated or alkylated with either an acyl chloride or sulfonyl chloride to produce PAs shown in Figure 2 as Series I and II, respectively. The positions may also be 00 carboxylic acid activated with standard peptide coupling reagents such as DCC, PyPOP or 00 SHBTU (to produce Series II PAs) or aldehydes using reductive amination conditions (to Sproduce Series IV PAs). Additional analogs are produced by reductive amination of the 00 10 free amino precursor with one of the ketone reagents shown in Series V. Series VI analogs Sare produced via the reductive amination reaction using a free mono- or di-amine precursor and an excess of the carbonyl containing reagent shown in the Series VI portion of Figure 2. An alternative method to produce these di-substituted tertiary amine-containing molecules is the conjugate addition of the selectively protected amine precursor to an a, punsaturated carbonyl compound or an a, P-unsaturated nitrile compound.
The above described synthetic schemes may be conducted in a parallel fashion to permit the simultaneous production of multiple PAs. For example, the reaction scheme shown in Figure 1 may be started with a mixture of L- and D- forms of Boc-Lys-(Cbz)- ONP and spermine. This results in a possible 4 different amino groups (two based on each of the L- and D- forms, and two based on each of the distal and proximal amino groups) deprotection and subsequent modification. There are also two additional possible modifications where both amino groups are simultaneously deprotected for subsequent modification. This results in a total of 6 possible routes for modification.
Parallel acylation with just two acyl chlorides, such as by solution phase methods, would produce twelve different PAs. Each individual PA may then be purified and the protective groups on the polyamine portion removed before further characterization and use.
The invention also provides compositions containing one or more PAs, as well as acceptable salts thereof, in combination with an excipient, diluent or vehicle to facilitate its use or administration to a subject. Preferably, the compositions are formulated for pharmaceutical, therapeutic or agricultural uses. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the invention (which contain basic groups) are formed where appropriate with strong or WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00 O moderately strong, non-toxic, organic or inorganic acids in the presence of the basic amine ,1 by methods known in the art. Exemplary salts include, but are not limited to, maleate, MC fumarate, lactate, oxalate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, tartrate, Scitrate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulfate, phosphate and nitrate salts.
As stated above, the PAs of the invention possess the ability to inhibit polyamine transport, a property that is exploited in the treatment of any of a number of diseases or s0 conditions, most notably cancer. A composition of this invention may be activeper se, or 00 may act as a "pro-drug" that is converted in vivo to active form.
O The PAs of the invention, as well as the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, 00 .10 may be incorporated into convenient dosage forms, such as capsules, impregnated wafers, Stablets or injectable preparations. Solid or liquid pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may also be employed. Pharmaceutical compositions designed for timed or delayed release may also be formulated.
Optionally, the compositions contain anti-oxidants, surfactants and/or glycerides.
Examples of anti-oxidants include, but not limited to, BHT, vitamin E and/or C.
Examples of glycerides include, but are not limited to, one or more selected from acetylated or unsubstituted monoglycerides; medium chain triglycerides, such as those found in oils; and caprylocaproyl macrogol-8 glycerides.
Preferably, the compounds of the invention are administered systemically, by injection or oral administration. When used, injection may be by any known route, preferably intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intracranial or intraperitoneal.
Injectables can be prepared in conventional forms, either as solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution or suspension in liquid prior to injection, or as emulsions.
Solid carriers include starch, lactose, calcium sulfate dihydrate, terra alba, sucrose, talc, gelatin, agar, pectin, acacia, magnesium stearate and stearic acid. Liquid carriers include syrup, peanut oil, olive oil, saline, water, dextrose, glycerol and the like. Similarly, the carrier or diluent may include any prolonged release material, such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate, alone or with a wax. When a liquid carrier is used, the preparation may be in the form of a syrup, elixir, emulsion, soft gelatin capsule, liquid containing capsule, sterile injectable liquid a solution), such as an ampule, or an aqueous or nonaqueous liquid suspension. A summary of such pharmaceutical WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00 O compositions may be found, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton Pennsylvania (Gennaro 18th ed. 1990).
t The pharmaceutical preparations are made following conventional techniques of pharmaceutical chemistry involving such steps as mixing, granulating and compressing, when necessary for tablet forms, or mixing, filling and dissolving the ingredients, as appropriate, to give the desired products for oral or parenteral administration. Other 0 preparations for topical, transdermal, intravaginal, intranasal, intrabronchial, intracranial, intraocular, intraaural and rectal administration may also be prepared. The pharmaceutical Scompositions may also contain minor amounts of nontoxic auxiliary substances such as 00 10 wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents and so forth.
SAlthough the preferred routes of administration are systemic, the pharmaceutical composition may be administered topically or transdermally, as an ointment, cream or gel; orally; rectally; as a suppository, parenterally, by injection or continuously by infusion; intravaginally; intranasally; intrabronchially; intracranially; intraaurally; or intraocularly.
Intraaural formulations are particularly preferred for the treatment or alleviation of hearing loss due to chemotherapy.
For topical application, the compound may be incorporated into topically applied vehicles such as a salve or ointment. The carrier for the active ingredient may be either in sprayable or nonsprayable form. Non-sprayable forms can be semi-solid or solid forms comprising a carrier indigenous to topical application and having a dynamic viscosity preferably greater than that of water. Suitable formulations include, but are not limited to, solution, suspensions, emulsions, creams, ointments, powders, liniments, salves, and the like. If desired, these may be sterilized or mixed with auxiliary agents, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, buffers, or salts for influencing osmotic pressure and the like.
Preferred vehicles for non-sprayable topical preparations include ointment bases, e.g., polyethylene glycol-1000 (PEG-1000); conventional creams; gels; as well as petroleum jelly and the like.
Topical preparations are particularly preferred for the application of the present invention to the control of unwanted hair growth on skin.
WO 02/053519 PCT/US02100347 00 O Also suitable for topical application are sprayable aerosol preparations wherein the compound, preferably in combination with a solid or liquid inert carrier material, is Spackaged in a squeeze bottle or in admixture with a pressurized volatile, normally gaseous Spropellant. The aerosol preparations can contain solvents, buffers, surfactants, perfumes, and/or antioxidants in addition to the compounds of the invention.
For the preferred topical applications, especially for humans, it is preferred to 0 administer an effective amount of the compound to a target area, skin surface, mucous 00 membrane, eyes, etc. This amount will generally range from about 0.001 mg to about 1 g per application, depending upon the area to be treated, the severity of the symptoms, and 00 10 the nature of the topical vehicle employed.
SThe compositions of the invention may be administered alone or in combination with one or more additional compounds that are used to treat the disease or condition. For treating cancer, the PAs are given in combination with anti-tumor agents, such as mitotic inhibitors, vinblastine; alkylating agents, cyclophosphamide; folate inhibitors, methotrexate, pritrexim or trimetrexate; antimetabolites, 5-fluorouracil and cytosine arabinoside; intercalating antibiotics, adriamycin and bleomycin; enzymes or enzyme inhibitors, asparaginase; topoisomerase inhibitors, etoposide; or biological response modifiers, interferon and interleukin-2. In fact, pharmaceutical compositions comprising any known cancer therapeutic in combination with the PAs disclosed herein are within the scope of this invention. Such combinations may be utilized either by combining the components into a single composition for administration or by administering the components separately as part of one therapeutic protocol.
Most preferably, the present compounds are administered in combination with one or more polyamine synthesis inhibitors such as, but not limited to, inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase such as DFMO, aceylenic putrescine, l-aminooxy-3-aminopropane, antizyme, 2-butylputrescine, cadaverine, L-canaline, 5'-deoxy-5'-[N-methyl-N-[3- (aminooxy)ethyl]amino]adenosine, 5'-deoxy-5'-[N-methyl-N-[3- (hydrazinopropyl)amino]adenosine, diaminopropane, 1,3-diamino-2-propanol, 2difluoromethyl putrescine, difluorophenylethyl(4-aminopropylamidinohydrazone), 2,3dimethylputrescine, N-dimethylputrescine, 2-ethylputrescine, or -)-alphafluoromethylornithine, 2-fluoro methylputrescine, 2-hexylputrescine, 2-hydrazinoorithine, ibuprofen, D-methyl acetylenic putrescine, methylglyoxal bis(3aminopropylamininohydrazone), 2-methylomithine, 2-methylputrescine, 2- WO 02/053519 PCTfUS02/00347 00 monofluoromethyl-trans-dehydorornithine, 2-monofluoromethyl dehydroputrescine, Cl monofluoromethylornithine, 2-monofluoromethyl putrescine, neomycin, D-ornithine, 2- Ct pentylputrescine, p-phenylenediamine, phosphopeptide MG 25000, phosphothreonine, phosphotyrosine, 2-propylputrescine, putrescine, allo-S-adenosyl-L-methionine, Sethylthioadenosine, methylthioadenosine, and 5'-methyl-thioadenosine as discussed in Zoliner H. (1993) Handbook of Enzyme Inhibitors, 2nd Ed. Weinheim:Basel(Switzerland); IND inhibitors of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, such as SAM486A (4-aminoindanon-1- 00 (2'aniidino)hydrazone dihydrochioride monohydrate), S-adenosyl-1I,8-diamino-3thiooctane, S-(5 '-adenosyl)methylthio-2-aminooxyethan, S-adenosyl-3-methylthio-i 00 10 propylamine, {[(Z)-4-amino-2-butenyl]methylamino} -5'-deoxyadenosine, 5 '-amino-S deoxyadenosine, 5 '-[(aminoiminornethyl)amino]-5']deoxyadenosine dihydrogensuiphate, 1-aminooxy-3-anminopropane, [2-(aminooxy)ethyl](5'-deoxyadenosine-5 yl)(methyl)sulphonium, 5 '-[(3-aniinopropyl]-ainino)-5'-deoxyadenosine, '-deoxyadenosine, 9-[6(RS)-amino-5,6,7-trideoxy-beta-Dribo-octofiiranosyl]-9H-purin-6-amine, borohydride, n-butylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone), 9-[6(RS)-c-carboxamido-5,6,7-trideoxy-beta-D-ribo-octofiiranosyl]-9H-purin-6-amine, cyanide, cyanoborohydride, S-(5 'deoxy-5 'adenosyl)methionylethylhydroxylamine, 'adenosyl)methionylthiohydroxylamine, 5 '-deoxy-5 '-[N-methyl-N-[2- (aminooxy)ethyljaniinojadenosine, 9-[6(S)-diamaino-5,6,7,8,9-pentadeoxy.-beta-D-ribonanofuranosyl]-9H-purin-6-amine, diethyiglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone), difluorophynylethyl (4-aminopropylamidinohyd-razone), dimethyiglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone), ethyiglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone), hydroxylanine, 4-hydroxypenenal, MDL 73811, 5'[[3-methylamino)propyl~arnino]-5'deoxyadenosine(l, 1 '-(methylethanediylidine)dinitro)bis(3aninoguanididne), methylglyoxal bis(3-aminopropylainiidinohydrazone), methyiglyoxal bis(cyclohexylamidinohydrazone), methyiglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone), pentanedialdehyde bis guanyihydrazone), phenylhydrazine, propanedialdehyde bis(guanylhydrazone), senicarbazide, sodium borohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride, and spermine as discussed in Zoliner H. (1993) Handbook of Enzyme Inhibitors, 2nd Ed.
The PMs of the invention may also be used in combination with monoclonal antibodies and tumor vaccines as well as with cellular therapy in subjects undergoing treatment for human diseases such as cancer. The PMs may also be used for chemoprevention in subjects at risk for developing cancer wherein one or more PAs are 37 WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00 *taken alone or in combination with a polyamine synthesis inhibitor to prevent the onset or recurrence of cancer.
ct The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also comprise one or more other medicaments such as anti-infectives including antibacterial, anti-fungal, antiparasitic, anti-viral, and anti-coccidial agents.
Typical single dosages of the compounds of ths invention are between about I ng 00D and about 10 g/kg body weight. The dose is preferably between about 0.0 1 mg and about 1 kg body wt. and, most preferably, between about 0. 1 mg and about 100 mg/kg body wt.
For topical administration, dosages in the range of about 0.0 1-20% concentration of the 00 10 compound, preferably are suggested. A total daily dosage in the range of about 1- 500 mg is preferred for oral administration. The foregoing ranges are, bowever, suggestive, as the number of variables in regard to an individual treatment regime is large, and considerable excursions from these recommended values are expected and may be routinely made by those skilled in the art.
Effective amounts or doses of the compound for treating a disease or condition can be determined using recognized in vitro systems or in vivo animal models for the particular disease or condition. In the case of cancer, many art-recognized models are known and are representative of a broad spectrum of human tumors. The compounds may be tested for inhibition of tumor cell growth in culture using standard assays with any of a multitude of tumor cell lines of human or nonhuman animal origin. Many of these approaches, including animal models, are described in detail in Geran, R.I. et al, Protocols for Screening Chemical Agents and Natural Products Against Animal Tumnors and Other Biological Systems (Third Edition)", Canc. Chemother. Reports, Part 3, 3:1-112.
The present invention also provides methods of using the PAs, whether formulated in compositions or not, to inhibit cell growth and proliferation when used alone or in combination with a polyamine synthesis inhibitor. Such methods may be readily conducted by systemic or local administration of the PM. Local delivery of a PA provides a high local concentration while reducing the likelihood of systemic effects on polyamine metabolism that may result from systemic PA administration.
The inhibition of cellular growth and proliferation is advantageously conducted with the contemporaneous administration of one or more inhibitors of polyamine synthesis.
Such inhibition may be applied toward a variety of cell types, including, but not limited to, 38 WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00 bacterial cells, fungal cells, and the eukaryotic cells of higher multicellular organisms. In one application of the invention, one or more PAs may be used to inhibit bacterial or fungal Scell growth. This embodiment may be advantageously used in both the clinic and Sagriculture to control bacteria or fungi.
In another embodiment of the invention, one or more PAs may be used in combination with an inhibitor ofpolyamine synthesis to inhibit the growth and/or D0 proliferation of cancer cells, including those of solid tumors. While this latter application 00 Smay be performed in any multicellular organism, most preferred are applications of the 0invention for use in human subjects.
00 10 Additionally, the invention provides for the use of one or more PAs for analytical and/or preparative methods relating to polyamine transport. For example, and without limiting the invention, a PA may be used to identify and/or localize a polyamine transporter by virtue of physical binding between the PA and the transporter and the presence of a label linked to the PA. Suitable labels are well known in the art, and they permit the identification or localization of the PA either because the label itself emits a detectable signal, or by virtue of its affinity for a label-specific partner which is detectable or becomes so by binding to, or otherwise reacting with, the label. Examples of labels include, but are not limited to, radioactive isotopes, fluorescent tags, and proteinaceous tags. The methods of identification and /or localization provided by the invention may be used in whole or as part of a diagnostic or research protocol.
The invention also provides preparative uses of the PAs. For example, one or more PAs can be used to bind and isolate proteins or other cellular factors that interact with polyamines. An exemplar of such a method is the use of a PA to bind to a polyamine transporter and permit its isolation or purification. These methods can be performed in solution, where interaction between a PA and a PA binding protein or factor results in a complex that may be subsequently isolated or purified from solution, or in solid phase, where a PA is immobilized and interactions between the PA and a PA binding protein or factor results in a complex of the protein or factor with the immobilized PA.
Having now generally described the invention, the same will be more readily understood through reference to the following examples which are provided by way of illustration, and are not intended to be limiting of the present invention, unless specified.
WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00
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EXAMPLE I t Chemical Synthesis of Polyamine Agents (PAs) PAs analogs were synthesized in a parallel fashion starting from the orthogonally protected diamino containing amino acid starting materials. The use of the 4-nitrophenyl activated ester L-Boc-Lys-(Cbz)-ONP in Figure 1 provides an exemplary illustration of the 00 synthetic process. The active ester is added dropwise to a solution of 1.5 equivalents of
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Spolyamine in methanol to give a statistical mixture of unsubstituted, mono-substituted and di-substituted acyl polyamines. Following evaporation of the solvent, the remaining free 010 amino groups in the polyamine moiety are protected either as their 'Boc or Cbz carbamates.
SStandard workup results in a completely protected crude product mixture. The desired orthogonally-protected product is isolated in pure form by silica gel chromatography using standard organic solvents. This purification process is based on separation ofpolyamine molecules with the remaining amino groups being fully protected, which provides a much more lipophilic product mixture that greatly facilitates the purification process. Thus the exemplary intermediates containing either 4 Boc groups or 4 Cbz groups in addition to the acyl functionality remained lipophilic enough to purify using standard solvents including a one to one mixture of ethyl acetate and hexanes containing various proportions of methanol (0 to As shown in Figure 1, the approach provides two synthetic intermediates, one with 4 Boc and 1 Cbz carbamates and the other with 4 Cbz and 1 Boc carbamates. These intermediates allow the exposure of only one amino group, either the proximal or distal in a selective manner. It is also possible to modify this approach such that both amino groups are exposed for further modification. The selective deprotection of either the proximal or distal amino group as shown in Figure 1 may occur via catalytic hydrogenation or acid treatment, respectively. The exposed amino groups were then acylated or alkylated with either an acyl chloride or sulfonyl chloride to produce Series I and II (see Figure 2) type PAs, respectively. The exposed amino groups may also be carboxylic acid activated with standard peptide coupling reagents such as DCC, PyPOP or HBTU (to produce Series II type PAs) or aldehydes under reductive amination conditions (to produce Series IV type PAs). Additional analogs are produced by reductive amination of the free amino precursor with one of the ketone reagents shown in Series V. Series VI WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00 analogs are produced via the reductive amination reaction using a free mono- or di-amine precursor and an excess of the carbonyl reagent that are shown in the Series VI chart. An t alternative method to produce these di-substituted tertiary amine-containing molecules is the conjugate addition of the selectively protected amine precursor to an a, p-unsaturated 0 5 carbonyl compound or an a, 1-unsaturated nitrile compound.
Deprotections of isolated PAs using standard conditions gave the desired products 0 in pure form. The PAs were characterized by thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis (using 'PrOH/HOAc/pyr/H 2 0, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis (dansylation followed by HPLC using fluorescent detection); liquid 00 10 chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) by electrospray ionization; and 'H and "C SNMR analysis. All PAs were estimated to be 90 to 98% pure following synthesis.
EXAMPLE II Cell Culture and Reagents All cell lines were obtained from ATCC (Manassas, VA) and cultured in the recommended media, serum, and CO2 concentration. Medias were obtained from Mediatech, Inc. (Herndon, VA) and serums from Gibco BRL (Gaithersburg, MD). 50 U/ml penicillin, 50 jpg/ml streptomycin and 2 mM L-glutamine (all from BioWhittaker, Walkersville, MD) were included in all cultures. DFMO was obtained from Marion Merrell Dow (Cinncinati, OH). When cells were cultured with polyamines or ORI compounds, 1 mM aminoguanidine (AG; Sigma) was included to inhibit serum amine oxidase activity. ICso refers to the concentration of PA that results in 50% of maximum cell growth inhibition in the presence of PA alone.
EXAMPLE HI Polvamine Transport and Ki Assays [2,9- 3 H]spermidine (SPD) from DuPont NEN, Boston, MA was added alone or simultaneously with PAs to 24-well plates containing MDA-MB-231 cells in log growth.
The cells were incubated at 37°C for 15 min to determine initial rate polyamine uptake.
The cells were then washed three times with cold PBS, lysed with 0.1% SDS, and the amount of polyamine incorporation into the cells was determined by scintillation counting of the cell lysates. To determine a four radioactive substrate concentrations (0.3-3 pM) WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00 and five inhibitor concentrations (0.01-1.0 pM) and a control were tested. The Ki values were determined using double reciprocal Lineweaver-Burke plot analyses. Ki values were Sdetermined from linear equations derived from graphing the slopes of Lineweaver-Burke plot vs. inhibitor concentration, with K, y-intercept slope. Results of these analyses are shown in Table 3 above.
O EXAMPLE IV 00 SGrowth Inhibition Assay C Cells were plated in 96-well plates such that they would be in log growth for the 00 10 duration of the assay. The day after plating, PAs were added to the cells, and growth, if Sany, permitted to continue for six days in the presence of 1 mM AG and 0.5 pM SPD to insure that any growth inhibition was not the result of depletion of external polyamines in the media. At the end of the six days, cell growth was measured by MTS/PMS dye assay (Cell Titer 96 Aqueous Non-Radioactive Cell Proliferation Assay; Promega, Madison, WI).
EC
50 represents the concentration of PA that resulted in 50% of maximum growth inhibition achievable in the presence of both DFMO (5 mM in all cell lines except MDA) and PA (at different concentrations depending in part on the cell line used) compared to controls. ICso represents the concentration of PA that resulted in 50% maximum growth inhibition when used alone. Results are shown in Table 3 above.
EXAMPLE V HPLC Analysis of Dansylated Derivatives Sample handling for Polyamine Analysis (see Kabra, Pokar Hsian K. Lee, Warren P Lubich and Laurence J. Marton: Solid-Phase Extraction and Determination of Dansyl Derivatives of Unconjugated and Acetylated Polyamines by Reverse-Phase Liquid Chromatography: Improved Separation Systems for Polyamines in Cerebrospinal Fluid, Urine and Tissue. Journal of Chromatography 380 (1986) 19-32) Plasma samples (from blood)- remove 125-150pl sample (optimally) into a microfuge tube and mix 1:1 with 0.4M perchloric acid. Vortex and spin down sample at 13000rpm for minutes in 5°C centrifuge. Remove 200pl supernatant for dansylation as described in WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00 0 0 dansylation protocol. Plasma samples as small as 25pl may be analyzed (for this and the following discussion, any sample that does not yield 200pfl supematant for dansylation may Shave its volume increased to 200pl with perchloric acid for the dansylation protocol).
Cell culture samples Media- remove 1.5ml into 1.7ml microfuge tube and spin at 3000rpm for 00 in 5C centrifuge. Remove 300).l supernatant and mix 1:1 with cold 0.4M perchloric acid.
_Vortex and spin down sample at 13000rpm for 10minutes in 5°C centrifuge. Remove C, 200 P.l supernatant for dansylation as described in dansylation protocol.
0 10 Cells- Trypsinize as usual and spin in 15ml tube 6 min at 40 at 1500 rpm. Pour off Ssupernatant and resuspend pellet in 1.5ml IX PBS. Transfer to large microfuge tube. Spin at 3000rpm at 40 for 5 minutes. Remove supernatant. Resuspend pellet in 1.0ml 1X PBS.
Remove 20ul for counting and spin 3000rpm @40 for Sminutes. Remove supematant.
To the dry pellet, add 200gl 0.4M perchloric acid per 106 cells. Pipette up and down to mix. Vortex and spin down sample at 13000rpm for 10minutes in 5 0 C centrifuge. Remove 200tl supernatant for dansylation as described in dansylation protocol. Remainder of supernatant can be stored at -70 0
C.
Tissues- Keep samples on ice during preparation. Cut an approximately 100mg piece from tissue sample and place into 15ml conical tube. Add 1.2M perchloric acid in a 20:1 vol/weight ratio 2ml/100mg). Homogenize tissue using a tissue grinder. Vortex sample and remove Iml into a microfuge tube. Spin at 13000 rpm for 10 minutes in 5 C centrifuge. Remove 200pl supernatant for dansylation as described in dansylation protocol.
Dansylation Protocol for Polyamine Analysis 200gl sample in Perchloric acid Internal Standard (IS) (1,7-diaminoheptane, 100pM stock); use 20u1l for 25min and 1483 HPLC 120gl saturated sodium carbonate solution (360il is used for tissue samples) 400tl dansyl chloride solution (made fresh, 10mg/ml in acetone) WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00 O Add all ingredients to a 4ml screw cap glass vial and vortex for 30 seconds. Float vials in C 70 0 C water bath for 10 minutes. Remove and allow cooling to room temp in dark, as Ssamples are light sensitive. Proceed to sample prep protocol once samples have cooled.
O 5 Sample Prep Protocol Altech C-18 maxi-prep cartridges are used, one for each sample dansylated, to Sclean any interfering reactions from the samples. This process also places the samples in methanol for application to the HPLC system.
c 10 Each cartridge is placed on a vacuum manifold and washed once with 3ml MeOH 00 O followed by 3ml H20. Samples are then removed by lml syringe from the glass vials and C, applied to the Alltech cartridges. Each cartridge is then washed with 10ml H20 and dried 2x with 30cc syringe of air.
All steps to this point are allowed discarded. The cartridges are placed with a tube rack with labeled 1.7ml microfuge tubes for elution. Samples are eluted with Iml MeOH into the microfuge tubes. Samples are now ready for injection onto HPLC or can be stored at -70C for up to several months if necessary.
The solvents used in the above are as follows: Solvent A: HPLC grade Acetonitrile Solvent B: 10mM Na acetate pH 4.5/10% acetonitrile (8.9L H20, 1L Acetonitrile, 100ml 1M Na acetate pH 4.5, mix well, filter and store at room temp).
Sample Injection: loop overfill is achieved by injecting 1001il onto a 2 0pl loop. Samples are kept at 4°C until injection by a water cooled storage rack on the 231XL auto injector.
minute PA analysis: Gradient: time %A %B 0 48 52 90 100 0 48 52 WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00 48 52 Flow rate is 3 ml/minute Solutions and Sources are as follows: Internal Standard: 1,7-Diaminoheptane (Sigma D-3266) Made up 20mM in H 2 0, and stored at -700C. Diluted to 100pM working stock in 0 H20 and also stored at -70 0
C.
00 SPerchloric acid: 70% ACS reagent (Aldrich 244252) SFor 0.4M, mix 3.4ml in a total of 100ml H 2 0. Store at room temp.
00 10 For 1.2M, mix 10.2ml in a total of 100ml H 2 0. Store at room temp.
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Sodium carbonate: anhydrous (Acros 42428-5000) Make a saturated solution in H 2 0.
Sodium acetate: anhydrous (Sigma S-2889) Make up 1M in H20, then pH to 4.5 with glacial acetic acid. Filter and store at room temp.
Dansvl chloride: 95% (Sigma D-2625) Acetonitrile: HPLC grade (Fisher A998-4) Methanol: HPLC grade (Fisher A452-4) Acetone: HPLC grade (Fisher A949-1) Glacial acetic acid: ACS reagent (Fisher A38212) All references cited herein, including patents, patent applications, and publications, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties, whether previously specifically incorporated or not. As used herein, the terms and "any" are each intended to include both the singular and plural forms.
Having now fully described this invention, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the same can be performed within a wide range of equivalent parameters, concentrations, and conditions without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention and without undue experimentation. While this invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood that it is capable of further modifications. This application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention following, in general, the principles of the invention and including such WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00 departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains and as may be applied to the essential features Shereinbefore set forth.
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权利要求:
Claims (27)
[1] 2. A polyamine analog or derivative represented by formula II: (9)n HNX'R 1 H (d H H H R2% N -N N,,NH2 wherein a, b, and c independently range from 1 to 10; d and e independently range from 0 to 30; each X is independently either a carbon or sulfur atom, and R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from H or from the group of a straight or branched saturated or unsaturated aliphatic, carboxyalkyl, carbalkoxyalkyl, or alkoxy; a C1-8 alicyclic; a single or multiring aryl substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic; an aliphatic- substituted or unsubstituted single or multiring aromatic; a single or multiring heterocyclic; a single or multiring heterocyclic aliphatic; a C1-10 alkyl; an aryl sulfonyl; or cyano; or each of RiX{O},- and R 2 are independently replaced by H; wherein denotes a chiral carbon position; and wherein if X is C, then n is 1; if X is S, then n is 2; and if X is C, then the XO group may be CH 2 such that n is 0. WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00 O O
[2] 3. A polyamine analog or derivative represented by formula lm: t R 3 lHN R, H H H H H R2 N N )N N NH2 R4 O OO 00 O 5 wherein a, b, and c independently range from 1 to 10 and d and e independently range from 00 to 30; and 00 Ri, R 2 R 3 and R 4 may be the same or different and are independently selected from H or Sfrom the group of a straight or branched C1-50 saturated or unsaturated aliphatic, carboxyalkyl, carbalkoxyalkyl, or alkoxy; a C1-8 alicyclic; a single or multiring aryl substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic; an aliphatic-substituted or unsubstituted single or multiring aromatic; a single or multiring heterocyclic; a single or multiring heterocyclic aliphatic; a Cl-10 alkyl; an aryl sulfonyl; or cyano.
[3] 4. A polyamine analog or derivative represented by formula IV: RI-N-R3 H H H R N N i, NN H 2 R2 e b C wherein a, b, and c independently range from 1 to 10 and d and e independently range from 0 to 30; and Ri, R 2 R 3 and R 4 may be the same or different and are independently selected from H or from the group of a straight or branched C1-50 saturated or unsaturated aliphatic, carboxyalkyl, carbalkoxyalkyl, or alkoxy; a C1-8 alicyclic; a single or multiring aryl substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic; an aliphatic-substituted or unsubstituted single or multiring aromatic; a single or multiring heterocyclic; a single or multiring heterocyclic aliphatic; a C1-10 alkyl; an aryl sulfonyl; or cyano. A polyamine analog or derivative represented by formula V: 48 WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00 <d H H H S a b c Ct 0 N wherein a, b, and c independently range from 1 to 10 and d and e independently range from 0 to 30; and 5 wherein Zi is NRIR 3 and Z 2 is selected from -RI, -CHRIR 2 or -CRIR 2 R 3 or Z 2 is 00 SNR 2 R 4 and ZI is selected from -RI, -CHRIR 2 or -CRiR 2 R 3 wherein RI, R 2 and R 3 may be the same or different and are independently selected 00 from H or from the group of a straight or branched Cl-50 saturated or unsaturated aliphatic, 0 carboxyalkyl, carbalkoxyalkyl, or alkoxy; a C1-8 alicyclic; a single or multiring aryl 10 substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic; an aliphatic-substituted or unsubstituted single or multiring aromatic; a single or multiring heterocyclic; a single or multiring heterocyclic aliphatic; a C1-10 alkyl; an aryl sulfonyl; or cyano.
[4] 6. The analog or derivative of any one of claims 1-5 wherein said a, b, and c are such that the analog or derivative is putrescine, spermine or spermidine based.
[5] 7. The analog or derivative of any one of claims 1-5 wherein each of RI, R 2 R 3 and R 4 is independently selected from H or a straight or branched C10-50 saturated or unsaturated aliphatic, carboxyalkyl, carbalkoxyalkyl, or alkoxy.
[6] 8. The analog or derivative of claim 1 wherein L is an amino acid selected from lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, omithine, or 2,4-diaminobutyric acid
[7] 9. A polyamine analog or derivative selected from spermine based compounds IA4, IB4, IA7, IVB22 or IVA22 as illustrated in Figure 2. A polyamine analog or derivative selected from the compounds depicted in Figure 12.
[8] 11. The analog or derivative of any one of claims 1-5 wherein d is 4 and e is 0. WO 02/053519 PCT/US02/00347
[9] 12. The analog or derivative of any one of claims 1-5 wherein each of R, R 2 R 3 and R 4 is independently selected from H or from CH3 g=0-15, h=0-15 z J^CH3 E E kiCH3 1=0.15,=0- i 5, 0-15, k=0-15 z z k 3 wherein each of g, h, i, j, and k are independently selected from 0 to 15 and wherein E refers to "entgegen" and Z refers to "zusammen".
[10] 13. A composition comprising a polyamine analog or derivative according to any one of claims 1-12 and an excipient, diluent or vehicle.
[11] 14. The composition of claim 13 wherein said excipient, diluent or vehicle is pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable. The composition of claim 13 wherein said excipient, diluent or vehicle is for topical or intra-aural administration.
[12] 16. The composition of claim 13 further comprising a polyamine biosynthesis inhibitor.
[13] 17. The composition of claim 16 wherein said inhibitor is DFMO.
[14] 18. The composition of claim 13 formulated for intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intracranial, intraperitoneal, topical, transdermal, intravaginal, intranasal, intrabronchial, intracranial, intraocular, intraaural, rectal, or parenteral administration WO002/053519 PCT/US02/00347 00
[15] 19. A method of treating one or more conditions selected from canter, r, osteoporosis, asthma, autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus terythematosus, Type I insulin dependent diabetes, psoriasis, restenosis, inhibition of unwanted proliferation of hair on skin, tissue transplantation, African sleeping sickness, inflammation, hyperparathyroidism, treatment of peptic ulcer, glaucoma, Alzheimer's disease, suppression of atrial tachycardias, stimulation or inhibition of intestinal motility, ICrohn's disease and other inflammatory bowel diseases, high blood pressure (vasodilation), 0stroke, epilepsy, anxiety, neurodegenerative diseases, hyperalgesic states, the protection of hair cells from chemotherapeutic-induced loss of hearing, and pharmacological N, 10 manipulation of cocaine reinforcement and craving in treating cocaine addiction and 00 overdose comprising administration of an analog or derivative of any one of claims 1-12 or r,1 a composition of any one of claims 13-18 to a subject afflicted with said one or more conditions.
[16] 20. The method of claim 19 wherein said administration is systemic.
[17] 21. The method of claim 19 or 20 wherein said administration is oral.
[18] 22. The method of claim 19 or 20 wherein said administration is via a time release vehicle.
[19] 23. A method of treating fungal, bacterial, viral, or parasitic diseases comprising administration of an analog or derivative of any one of claims 1-12 or a composition of any one of claims 13-18 to a subject afflicted with said disease.
[20] 24. A method of enhancing cellular uptake of nucleic acids comprising contacting a cell with an analog or derivative of any one of claims 1-12.
[21] 25. A method of inhibiting hair growth comprising topical adrhinistration of an analog or derivative of any one of claims 1-12 or a composition of any one of claims 13-18 to a subject in need of hair growth inhibition. 00 26. The method of claim 25 wherein said analog or derivative is formulated as a cosmetic.
[22] 27. A method of inhibiting hearing loss comprising administration of an analog or derivative of any one of claims 1-12 to a subject in need of said inhibition. ,O 5 28. The method of claim 27 wherein said subject is susceptible to hearing loss due to cancer chemotherapy.
[23] 29. A polyamine analog or derivative substantially as herein described with 00 0 reference to any one of the Table entries or Examples or any one of Figs. 1, 4 and 12 of the drawings. oO 10 30. A composition comprising the polyamine analog or derivative as claimed in claim 29 in combination with an excipient, diluent or vehicle.
[24] 31. A method of treatment of a disease or of ameliorating the symptoms of a disease, said method being substantially as herein described with reference to the Tables or the Examples, or the drawings.
[25] 32. A method of enhancing cellular uptake of nucleic acids, said method being substantially as herein described with reference to the Tables or the Examples, or the drawings.
[26] 33. A method of inhibiting hair growth, said method being substantially as herein described with reference to the Tables or the Examples, or the drawings.
[27] 34. A method of inhibiting hearing loss, said method being substantially as herein described with reference to the Tables or the Examples, or the drawings. Dated this 5 th day of March 2008 MEDIQUEST THERAPEUTICS, INC. By FRASER OLD SOHN Patent Attorneys for the Applicant

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引用文献:

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公开号 | 申请日 | 公开日 | 申请人 | 专利标题

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CA2062810A1|1989-07-03|1991-01-04|Bruce D. Cherksey|Use of polyamines as ionic-channel regulating agents|

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WO1999003823A2|1997-07-15|1999-01-28|Oridigm Corporation|Novel polyamine analogues as therapeutic and diagnostic agents|

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AU778343B2|1999-02-05|2004-12-02|Mediquest Therapeutics, Inc.|Antizyme modulators and their use|

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法律状态:
2011-08-18| PC1| Assignment before grant (sect. 113)|Owner name: AMINEX THEAPEUTICS, INC. Free format text: FORMER APPLICANT(S): MEDIQUEST THERAPEUTICS, INC. |

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2011-10-06| FGA| Letters patent sealed or granted (standard patent)|

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2021-08-05| MK14| Patent ceased section 143(a) (annual fees not paid) or expired|

优先权:

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申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题

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US26041501P| true| 2001-01-08|2001-01-08||

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US60/260,415||2001-01-08||

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PCT/US2002/000347|WO2002053519A2|2001-01-08|2002-01-08|Hydrophobic polyamine analogs and methods for their use|

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AU2002248311A|AU2002248311A1|2001-01-08|2002-01-08|Hydrophobic polyamine analogs and methods for their use|

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